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Understanding Burgundy’s quality and ownership divisions

Burgundy wine region

Following on from our guide on Burgundy’s sub-regions, we turn our focus to the region’s quality and ownership divisions, which are equally integral to understanding what makes Burgundy’s wines so exceptional.

Quality divisions

Grand Cru
At the pinnacle of Burgundy’s wine hierarchy are the 33 Grand Crus, which represent around 2% of total production. These wines are the epitome of excellence, with yields restricted to a maximum of 35 hectolitres per hectare (hl/ha) and often far lower. Revered for their age-worthiness, these wines generally require five to seven years to begin showing their potential, with many capable of aging for decades. Grand Cru wines are among the most prestigious and collectible in the world.

Premier Cru
Premier Cru wines, comprising 12% of Burgundy’s production, are crafted from 640 officially recognized superior vineyard sites. With permitted yields of up to 45 hl/ha, these wines showcase the terroir’s expressive character. They typically require three to five years of aging but can develop even greater complexity with extended cellaring. These wines are highly regarded by connoisseurs for their balance of quality and accessibility.

Village Wines
Village wines account for 36% of Burgundy’s production and are produced under 44 communal appellations. These wines can be blends from various vineyards within a village or from single, unclassified plots. With a yield allowance of 50 hl/ha, Village wines offer excellent value for money and are known for their approachable nature. While they are often enjoyed young, many can be aged for two to four years or more, depending on their origin and vintage.

Regional Appellations
Regional appellations, collectively known as Vin de Bourgogne, make up nearly half of Burgundy’s total production. With yields of up to 70 hl/ha for reds and 75 hl/ha for whites, these wines are ideal for everyday enjoyment. While they lack the investment potential of higher classifications, they offer an accessible introduction to the region’s styles and are valued for their straightforward appeal.

Ownership Divisions

Monopoles
Monopoles are vineyards with a single owner, a rarity in Burgundy where fragmented ownership is the norm. There are fewer than 50 monopoles in the entire region, and many are associated with some of the most iconic wines. Examples include Domaine de la Romanée-Conti’s Romanée-Conti, Domaine du Comte Liger-Belair’s La Romanée, and Domaine du Clos de Tart’s Clos de Tart. These monopoles exist across Grand Cru, Premier Cru, and Village levels, and their exclusivity adds to their allure.

Domaine Wines
A domaine refers to an estate that grows its own grapes and produces its wine in-house. This approach allows the producer complete control over viticulture and winemaking, ensuring consistency and quality. Domaine wines are highly esteemed for their reflection of the estate’s unique terroir and meticulous craftsmanship. These wines are considered benchmarks of Burgundy’s artisanal winemaking tradition.

Négoce Wines
A négociant is a merchant who sources grapes, juice, or finished wine from growers and produces wine under their own label. While some perceive négociant wines as inferior, many are of exceptional quality due to the long-standing relationships between négociants and growers. This collaborative model enables access to fruit from top-tier vineyards, allowing skilled winemakers to craft extraordinary wines. Prestigious négoce producers, such as Maison Leroy, often rival their domaine counterparts in quality and acclaim.

Looking for more? Read our Burgundy Regional Report, which delves into the fundamentals of this fascinating region and the development of its investment market.

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Italy Regional Report

Italy Regional Report

Our Italy Regional Report examines the development of its investment market, historic performance, and key players.

Italy is the world’s largest wine producer, responsible for more than 6.5 billion bottles annually across nearly two million acres of vineyards. While its dominance in the mass wine market is undisputed, Italy’s fine wine sector has undergone a remarkable transformation over the past half century.

The modern era of Italian fine wine began in the 1970s with the emergence of the Super Tuscans – wines such as Sassicaia and Tignanello that challenged traditional classifications and redefined quality expectations. This shift elevated Italy’s global reputation and laid the foundations for a serious fine wine investment market.

Today, Italy stands as one of the most dynamic and resilient regions in the global fine wine landscape. Once overshadowed by Bordeaux and Burgundy, it now accounts for over 15% of secondary fine wine trade by value, with a growing roster of investment-grade wines. The complementary strengths of Tuscany and Piedmont, alongside emerging regions such as Veneto and Sicily, have positioned Italy as a compelling choice for portfolio diversification.

WineCap’s Italy Regional Report examines how this evolution has unfolded – and where the most attractive opportunities now lie.

Key findings from the Italy Regional Report

Italy has become a core fine wine investment region

Over the past two decades, Italy’s presence in the secondary market has grown steadily. In 2010, Italian wines represented less than 2% of global fine wine trade. Today, they account for more than 15%, reflecting rising international demand, increased critical acclaim, and greater investor confidence. This growth has been achieved without the extreme volatility seen in some other regions, reinforcing Italy’s reputation as a stable, long-term investment option.

Consistent performance with lower volatility

Italy’s investment appeal is underpinned by steady performance. The Italy 100 index has risen by over 200% in the past twenty years, outperforming both the Liv-ex 100 and Liv-ex 1000 indices over the last decade. Importantly, Italian wines have shown greater resilience during market downturns, with less pronounced corrections than Burgundy or Champagne.

This combination of growth and stability makes Italy particularly attractive to investors seeking diversification with reduced risk.

Accessibility and affordability set Italy apart

One of Italy’s defining advantages is accessibility. Top Italian wines are generally priced well below their French counterparts, offering a more approachable entry point into fine wine investment. In addition, higher production volumes for flagship wines such as Tignanello, Sassicaia, and Ornellaia enhance liquidity and ease of acquisition, particularly when compared to the extremely limited production of top Burgundy or Californian wines.

This balance of quality, availability, and price makes Italy an effective way to build meaningful exposure within a diversified portfolio.

Tuscany and Piedmont play complementary eoles

Italy’s two leading investment regions serve distinct but complementary functions. Tuscany provides scale, brand recognition, and liquidity through its iconic Super Tuscans and Brunello di Montalcino, delivering consistent returns over time. Piedmont, often compared to Burgundy, offers greater scarcity and potential upside through its Barolo and Barbaresco wines, driven by limited production and strong critical demand.

Together, these regions allow investors to balance stability and growth within a single country allocation.

Emerging regions are gaining traction

Beyond Tuscany and Piedmont, Italy’s regional diversity is increasingly reflected in the investment market. Veneto, Abruzzo, Umbria, Sicily, Campania, and Alto Adige are attracting attention for their quality, value, and growing international recognition. As exposure increases, these regions are expected to play a larger role in Italy’s fine wine trade. This depth and breadth of opportunity is unmatched by any other fine wine-producing country.

Explore the full report

WineCap’s Italy Regional Report provides a comprehensive analysis of Italy’s investment performance, accessibility, regional diversity, and best-performing wines – alongside a clear framework for understanding Tuscany, Piedmont, and the country’s most promising emerging regions.

Download the full Italy Regional Report to explore the data, insights, and opportunities shaping one of the most resilient and accessible fine wine investment markets in the world.

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Are Bordeaux classifications still relevant for investors?

WineCap has conducted a series of interviews with key figures at major Bordeaux estates. Today we shed light on their perspectives on the relevance of historic classifications. 

  • Left and Right Bank producers think the 1855 and 1955 classifications are still important reference for investors.
  • Branding influence represents a counter pattern. 
  • Market forces bring lower-tier Growths to the fore but not trend-setting.

The majority of a tranche of wine producers interviewed by WineCap from both the Left and Right banks are confident that Bordeaux classification systems remain relevant, citing historical framework and terroir as the main factors in determining wine quality and value.

Châteaux also think that the 1855 Classification of Bordeaux and the Saint-Émilion Classification of 1955 will continue to have an impact on wine investor and consumer choices in the decades ahead.

‘This is the classification of terroir,’ said Château Cheval Blanc CEO, Pierre-Oliver Clouet. ‘The (original) classification was very clear and continues to be the same today’.

The classification systems

The 1855 Classification of Bordeaux is a ranking of the top wines from the Left Bank’s Médoc region, Graves, Sauternes and Barsac. It was established to coincide with Napoleon III’s Exposition Universelle de Paris, with wines categorised according to reputation and market price from Fifth to the top ranking of First Growth. With the exception of minor changes, it has never been altered. The houses in the highest level are Latour, Lafite Rothschild, Mouton Rothschild, Margaux and Haut Brion.

On the Right Bank, a wine classification hierarchy was founded in 1955 covering Saint-Émilion and Pomerol. Updated every decade with the last review held in 2022, it grades wines into the top tier of Premier Grand Cru Classé A, Premier Grand Cru Classé B, and the broader category of Grand Cru Classé.

Staying power

Philippe Bascaules managing director of First Growth Château Margaux said soil was the defining factor in the 1855 ranking. ‘I think for 90%, it’s still relevant because the quality of the wine is given by the soil, and the soil doesn’t change’. 

Philippe Blanc General Manager Château Beychevelle referred to the enduring legacy of the 1855 system. The Saint-Julien house that he oversees is ranked as a Fourth Growth and he does not see this changing in the future. 

‘I don’t think any serious people have ever written that first growths didn’t deserve their place,’ he told WineCap. ‘I would say in 30 years’ time, stick to the 1855 classification in Médoc’.

Vincent Millet, General Manager at the Third Growth Château Calon Segur in Saint-Estèphe agrees. ‘The 1855 classification was based not only on the observation of the winegrower through the constitution of his vineyard, but also of his wines,’ he said. ‘For me, it makes no sense to question it, because in a way, it reflects the potential of the different appellations’. 

Christian Seely is the managing director of AXA millésimes, the company that owns Second Growth Pichon-Baron in Pauillac. He hints at the foresight of the original ranking framework. ‘I would say that where around 80% of the châteaux were in the classification in 1855 is where they ought to be today. I don’t think another 20 years is going to change that’.

Brand over classification

However, as the global wine landscape shifts and changes, a significant number of Bordeaux winemakers are putting equal weighting in branding and, in some cases, over classification systems. 

Julien Barthe, the co-owner and managing director of Premier Grand Cru Classé B, Château Beau-Séjour Becot in Saint-Émilion is of this number. ‘We were very lucky in Beau-Séjour Becot because we were classified as Premier Cru Classé in 1955. Why? Maybe because we are a good winemaker family, but for sure because we have unique and outstanding soil and terroir’. 

Despite his acknowledgment of ranked terroir quality, Barthe believes that a house’s brand is gaining traction. ‘Do you know Beau-Séjour Becot or do you not know Beau-Séjour Becot? I really think that the brand will be more important than the classification’. In the last decade, their average wine price has risen 60%, outperforming fellow estates, La Mondotte, Clos Fourtet and Larcis Ducasse.

Calon Segur’s Vincent Millet agrees: ‘What is most interesting today is not so much the classification, but the strength of the brand. For example, you have properties that are ranked fifth in the classification and which have a reputation. A strong brand can be more important than certain Second great classified growths of Margaux, for example. We at Calon Ségur have this strength, this brand that we maintain through the quality of our wines’.

General Manager of Saint-Émilion Grand Cru Classé, Château La Dominique, Gwendoline Lucas said that both Right and Left Bank classifications were becoming irrelevant. ‘Today the consumer doesn’t drink First, Second or Third Growth or Saint-Émilion B or A. They drink a wine they know. They know the style of the wine, so they will drink Château La Dominique rather than Saint-Émilion Grand Cru Classé. So, I would say that the brand, the history and the wine itself, will override classification’. 

From an investing perspective, La Dominique has enjoyed a 96% price increase since 2015.

Lower tiers’ achievements

WineCap interviewees recognised the above-average performance of Growths from the lower end of the 1855 classification but were not certain that this constituted a solid trend.

Pichon-Baron’s Seely said: ‘You obviously get exceptional cases of some châteaux outperforming in relation to their classification. You have a Fifth Growth that performs like a Second Growth, and perhaps there are just one or two that perform a little lower than their original ranking. But those cases actually, I think, are the exceptions rather than the norm’. 

Evolution of Bordeaux’s investment performance

Bordeaux remains the most important wine investment region, accounting for over a third of the fine wine market by value today with a 200% average growth on top labels since 2005. The First Growths, their second wines and “super second” estates are often the cornerstones of investment portfolios. 

To find out more about the region, read our Bordeaux Regional Report.

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How is the price of fine wine determined?

Bordeaux Chateau and vineyard
  • Fine wine prices are influenced by a range of factors – from age to critical acclaim and storage conditions. 
  • Certain wine regions carry inherent prestige that elevates their value.
  • Bordeaux First Growths, Burgundy Grand Crus, and Napa cult wines typically hold the highest average prices due to global demand and scarcity.

Fine wine prices are shaped by a mix of tangible and intangible factors, each playing a crucial role in determining a wine’s market value. For collectors or investors treating wine as an alternative asset, understanding how these prices are established is essential. The fine wine market behaves differently from stocks or traditional commodities, yet follows clear principles around scarcity, quality, provenance, and demand.

In this guide, we break down the key influences behind price performance, from production realities to global market trends and the behaviour of auction houses and collectors.

The value of fine wine is influenced by a combination of tangible and intangible factors. For anyone interested in wine investment, understanding these factors is essential to making informed decisions. This guide explores the key elements that determine it, from production to market dynamics.

Producer and brand reputation

One of the most powerful drivers of fine wine prices is producer reputation. In renowned regions such as Bordeaux, Burgundy, Tuscany, and Napa Valley, a small number of elite estates have built global prestige over centuries.

Producers such as Domaine de la Romanée-Conti, Château Latour, Masseto, and Screaming Eagle consistently command premium prices because:

  • their wines have a long track record of excellence

  • collectors trust their craftsmanship

  • demand outstrips supply year after year

Even wines from emerging or lesser-known estates within these regions benefit from the halo effect of high-prestige appellations.

Reputation is a form of currency in the fine wine markets – one that contributes significantly to long-term appreciation and stability.

Vintage quality

The quality of a vintage year is a foundational element in determining value. Weather conditions during the growing season impact grape ripeness, concentration, acidity, and overall structure.

Exceptional vintages often receive strong critical acclaim, accelerating early demand and pushing up prices in both primary and secondary markets. Examples include:

  • Bordeaux 1982, 2000, 2009, 2010

  • Burgundy 2005, 2010, 2015

  • Champagne 2008, 2012

  • Napa Valley 2013, 2016

These highly rated vintages often see long-term appreciation as collector interest endures.

On the other hand, weaker vintages may grow in value more slowly but can still appreciate over time if produced by top estates with strong brand equity.

Scarcity and production volume

Scarcity is one of the strongest long-term drivers of demand and appreciation. Wines produced in limited quantities or from small vineyard sites can become highly collectible, especially when combined with rising global popularity.

Key scarcity factors include:

  • small vineyard size (e.g., Burgundy Grand Cru parcels)

  • tiny production quantities (e.g., cult wines like Screaming Eagle)

  • ageing windows that encourage consumption, shrinking supply globally

  • strict allocations, limiting the volume released to each market

As bottles are opened worldwide, the remaining supply becomes increasingly rare. This dynamic is central to why fine wine is considered a reliable long-term luxury asset for investors looking to diversify their portfolios.

Critical scores and reviews

The influence of major critics – such as Robert Parker, Jancis Robinson, Neal Martin, and Antonio Galloni – extends across the wine market. High scores can increase a wine’s value almost overnight.

A wine that receives 100 points from a leading critic often experiences:

  • an immediate spike in demand

  • rapid price appreciation

  • greater visibility at wine auctions

  • a strong long-term reputation

Wines with consistently strong critical track records tend to demonstrate more resilient pricing across market cycles.

Conversely, wines with poor or average reviews may struggle to outperform, even if produced by respected estates.

Provenance and storage conditions

Provenance – the verified history of a wine’s ownership and storage conditions – is vital in determining its market value. Buyers pay a premium for wines with impeccable provenance, often stored in:

  • bonded warehouses

  • producer cellars

  • trusted merchant facilities

Perfect provenance assures collectors that the wine has been stored correctly, preserving quality and value. Auction houses frequently highlight provenance as a core selling point, and wines sourced directly from estates often achieve superior prices.

Market trends and global demand

Fine wine prices do not exist in isolation. Global market trends, economic conditions, and consumer behaviour all shape demand.

Factors influencing the broader wine market include:

  • widening wealth in emerging markets

  • shifting preferences toward Burgundy, Champagne, and Tuscany

  • currency fluctuations

  • macroeconomic stability

  • rising interest in biodynamic and organic wines

  • growth of digital trading and globalised auctions

For example, surging demand from Asia over the last decade has contributed to extraordinary appreciation in Burgundy prices. Similarly, Champagne’s increasing popularity as both a collectible and a safe-haven luxury asset has pushed demand for prestige cuvées like Dom Pérignon, Cristal, and Krug.

Tracking global demand helps investors anticipate future price movements and identify opportunities across regions.

Age and maturity

A wine’s age is closely tied to its market value. As fine wines mature, they often enter their optimal drinking window, increasing desirability.

Collectors will pay more for wines that are:

  • perfectly stored

  • approaching or at peak maturity

  • ready to drink immediately

For example, a young First Growth Bordeaux might sell for £400 on release, but reach £800–£1,000 once its drinking window opens. Much older wines can appreciate even more dramatically due to extreme scarcity.

This age-driven evolution is one reason many investors treat wine as a multi-year, low-volatility strategy rather than a short-term investment.

Regional prestige and classification systems

Certain wine regions carry inherent prestige that elevates their pricing. Fine wines from the regions below regularly outperform less renowned regions in terms of long-term appreciation.

  • Bordeaux

  • Burgundy

  • Champagne

  • Tuscany & Piedmont

  • Napa Valley

Formal classification systems – like the Bordeaux 1855 Classification or Burgundy’s Grand Cru hierarchy – further reinforce value by signalling quality and exclusivity.

Wines from higher classifications consistently command premium pricing and often show superior secondary-market performance.

FAQ: Fine Wine Prices

Why do wines of similar quality often differ so much in cost?

Producer reputation, track record, and regional prestige significantly influence pricing. Top estates with limited production naturally command higher values.

Does fine wine always appreciate in value over time?

Not always. While many investment-grade wines appreciate, price performance varies by vintage, producer, storage, and global market trends.

How do wine auctions affect fine wine prices?

Auction houses help establish benchmark pricing. Rare bottles with great provenance often achieve record prices, influencing global perceptions of value.

Is fine wine a safe alternative investment?

Fine wine is considered a low-volatility luxury asset with strong long-term performance, making it a popular portfolio diversifier.

What role does provenance play in price performance?

Perfect provenance can dramatically increase a wine’s value.

Which regions tend to cost the most?

Bordeaux First Growths, Burgundy Grand Crus, and Napa cult wines typically hold the highest average prices due to global demand and scarcity.

WineCap’s independent market analysis showcases the value of portfolio diversification and the stability offered by investing in wine. Speak to one of our wine investment experts and start building your portfolio. Schedule your free consultation today.

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‘Snake’ wines for Chinese New Year

1989 Chateau Haut Brion wine bottle
  • 2025 marks the Year of the Wood Snake, with previous vintages under the same zodiac sign including 2013, 2001, 1989, and 1977.
  • The Chinese zodiac has traditionally had an impact on wine demand in Asia, which in turn affects the price performance of highly sought-after wines. 
  • We highlight the best regions and wines from past ‘Snake’ years.

The Chinese zodiac continues to influence fine wine trends in Asia, particularly around Lunar New Year. 2025 marks the Year of the Wood Snake, with previous vintages under the same zodiac sign including 2013, 2001, 1989, and 1977. Below we explore the best regions and wines from these ‘Snake’ years and their investment appeal.

The significance of the snake in Chinese culture

In Chinese tradition, the Snake symbolises wisdom, intuition, and elegance. The Wood Snake specifically reflects growth, creativity, and a steady rooted approach to success. These traits align well with the qualities sought after in fine wines: depth, complexity, and balance. Lunar New Year celebrations often include gifting wines that embody these ideals, making vintages from previous Snake years highly sought-after. 

Past ‘Snake’ vintages

2013

A cooler vintage in many wine regions, 2013 produced exceptional wines in Napa Valley, Burgundy and the Rhône. Burgundy excelled with refined reds and whites celebrated for their freshness and purity, with the best examples coming from notable producers such as Domaine de la Romanée-Conti and Comte Georges de Vogüé.

In Napa Valley, a warm, dry autumn contributed to standout Cabernet Sauvignon wines, including iconic labels like Opus One, Dominus, and Screaming Eagle earning high critical appraisal. These highly sought-after wines are likely to enjoy increased demand and rising prices in light of the year of the Snake. 

The Rhône also over-delivered in 2013, with M. Chapoutier’s Ermitage Le Pavillon and Guigal’s single-vineyard wines demonstrating the vintage’s potential. In Italy, Barolo and Barbaresco shone brightly, with producers like Gaja and Vietti crafting wines with great ageing potential. 

2001

Hailed as a classic vintage across several regions, 2001 is especially prized for high-end Bordeaux, which is now reaching its peak. Highlights include renowned estates such as Château Latour, Château Margaux, and Château d’Yquem. The latter achieved a perfect score from Robert Parker, cementing its status as one of the finest sweet wines of the century.

Italy’s Barolo region experienced a legendary year in 2001. Wines from Bruno Giacosa, Bartolo Mascarello, and Giuseppe Rinaldi are benchmarks of the vintage. Meanwhile, the Rhône delivered one of its best years, with Guigal’s La La wines setting new standards for Syrah.

1989

Widely regarded as one of Bordeaux’s greatest vintages, 1989 produced rich, opulent wines with excellent ageing potential. Standouts include Château Haut-Brion, which earned a perfect score from Robert Parker, and Pétrus. In Sauternes, Château d’Yquem once again delivered a reference point for the region.

Beyond Bordeaux, Germany enjoyed a successful year for Riesling. The Mosel and Rheingau regions produced highly collectible wines, celebrated for their vibrant acidity and age-worthy structure. These Rieslings remain a cornerstone for those seeking top-quality German wines.

1977

1977 was a triumphant year for Port production, which has made vintage Port from producers like Taylor’s, Fonseca, and Graham’s a cornerstone for collectors focused on fortified wines. Noteworthy wines from other regions include Domaine Leroy in Burgundy and Château Pichon Lalande in Bordeaux still surprise with their enduring quality and long drinking windows.

Market appeal of ‘Snake’ vintages

Buyers can find regional highlights across all of these Snake-year vintages that are likely to see increased demand in 2025, whether it is 2013 Napa or 1989 Bordeaux. The cultural significance of the snake adds an extra layer of allure in Asian markets, where symbolism often plays a role in purchasing decisions.

WineCap’s independent market analysis showcases the value of portfolio diversification and the stability offered by investing in wine. Speak to one of our wine investment experts and start building your portfolio. Schedule your free consultation today.

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Bordeaux Regional Report

Bordeaux regional report 2025

Our Bordeaux Regional Report examines the evolution of its investment market, the First Growths, their second wines and En Primeur.

Bordeaux has long been the backbone of the fine wine market. Its unique combination of history, scale, and globally recognised brands has positioned it not just as a leading wine region, but as the reference point for fine wine investment worldwide.

As early as 1787, Thomas Jefferson recognised the collectible potential of Bordeaux’s finest estates. More than two centuries later, that early insight still holds true. While the fine wine market has diversified significantly in recent years, Bordeaux continues to play a defining role – often setting the tone for broader market performance.

At its peak in 2010, Bordeaux accounted for an extraordinary 96% of the fine wine market by value. Although its share has since moderated as regions such as Burgundy and Champagne have risen, Bordeaux remains the most influential and liquid region in the investment landscape.

WineCap’s Bordeaux Regional Report explores why this remains the case – and where the most compelling opportunities now lie.

Key findings from the Bordeaux Regional Report

Bordeaux remains the most important fine wine investment region

Despite increased diversification, Bordeaux still accounts for over a third of the fine wine market by value today. Its long-established distribution networks, global demand, and deep secondary market continue to underpin its dominance, particularly for investors prioritising liquidity and long-term stability.

The First Growths continue to anchor the market

The Bordeaux First Growths – Château Lafite Rothschild, Château Latour, Château Margaux, Château Haut-Brion, and Château Mouton Rothschild – remain the cornerstones of fine wine portfolios. While their share of total trade has declined from historic highs, they still represent around 30% of Bordeaux’s secondary market activity, reinforcing their role as pricing benchmarks and confidence indicators.

Second Wines and “Super Seconds” offer compelling value

One of the most notable trends highlighted in the report is the growing importance of second wines and so-called “Super Second” estates. These wines benefit from the same terroirs and technical expertise as their flagship counterparts but offer more accessible entry points. In many cases, they have delivered stronger relative performance over the past decade, driven by rising quality and growing global recognition.

Older vintages are often undervalued

The report shows that some of the most attractive opportunities in Bordeaux today lie not in the latest releases, but in older, overlooked vintages. These wines frequently trade at favourable price-to-quality ratios and can offer greater upside potential than more recent En Primeur releases, particularly in a more price-sensitive market environment.

En Primeur’s influence has weakened

While En Primeur remains a defining feature of Bordeaux, its role has evolved. Pricing misalignment in recent campaigns has reduced its appeal, shifting the focus towards disciplined, selective participation. The report highlights that En Primeur can still present opportunities, but only when release prices reflect broader market conditions and long-term value.

Bordeaux’s role in a diversified market

As the fine wine market has broadened to include Burgundy, Champagne, Italy, and California, Bordeaux has increasingly positioned itself as the region of stability. Its slower but steadier appreciation, combined with unrivalled liquidity, continues to make it a foundational allocation within diversified fine wine portfolios.

Explore the full report

WineCap’s Bordeaux Regional Report provides a detailed analysis of the region’s evolution, historic performance, key investment estates, and future outlook in an increasingly diversified fine wine market.

Download the full Bordeaux Regional Report to explore the data, insights, and opportunities shaping one of the world’s most important fine wine regions.

 

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A guide to Burgundy wine regions

Burgundy France wine region

Burgundy is one of the world’s most revered and historically significant wine regions. For centuries, it has captivated collectors and wine lovers with its ability to express terroir more precisely than almost anywhere else on earth. Understanding the regions in Burgundy is essential to understanding why it produces some of the most sought-after fine wines in the world.

Unlike larger wine regions defined by broad styles or dominant producers, Burgundy is a mosaic of tiny appellations, historic villages, and meticulously delineated vineyard parcels. Here, value, quality, and reputation are shaped not by château names, but by vineyard location, soil composition, and microclimate. This is a region where a few metres of land can dramatically change a wine’s character – and its price.

At the heart of Burgundy’s complexity lies its regional structure. While thousands of climats and individual vineyards exist, the region is fundamentally organised into five core Burgundy wine regions, each contributing something distinct to Burgundy’s identity. From the cool, mineral-driven whites of Chablis to the warmer, expressive wines of the Mâconnais, these regions together form one of the most intricate wine landscapes in the world.

Regions in Burgundy: structure

Geographically, Burgundy forms a long, narrow corridor of vineyards running from north to south through eastern France. It is divided into four contiguous regions and one satellite region, each with its own climate, soils, and stylistic identity.

Although Beaujolais is sometimes associated with Burgundy through tradition and grape variety, administratively it belongs to the Rhône and is not considered part of Burgundy’s official wine regions.

Burgundy’s vineyard area totals approximately 30,000 hectares, with more than 80% classified under the AOC system. Despite producing only around a quarter of Bordeaux’s volume, Burgundy’s influence on the fine wine market is disproportionately large. Its emphasis on scarcity, site specificity, and classification has made it a benchmark for quality worldwide.

Chablis (Satellite)

Located just two hours southeast of Paris, Chablis is Burgundy’s northernmost outpost and one of the world’s great sources of white wine. Unlike the rest of Burgundy, Chablis sits geographically apart from the Côte d’Or, forming a satellite region with a distinct climate and geological identity.

Chablis produces wines exclusively from Chardonnay grapes, yet its style is markedly different from the richer whites of the south. This is largely due to its Kimmeridgian limestone soils, formed from an ancient seabed rich in fossilised marine life.

Characteristics of Chablis wines

Chablis wines are renowned for their:

  • purity and tension

  • minimal oak influence

  • pronounced chalky minerality

  • long ageing potential at Premier Cru and Grand Cru levels

Cool continental temperatures preserve acidity, giving Chablis its linear structure and precise expression.

Appellations of Chablis

Chablis is divided into four hierarchical appellations:

  • Petit Chablis

  • Chablis

  • Chablis Premier Cru

  • Chablis Grand Cru

The Grand Cru vineyards – just seven climats clustered along the Serein River – represent one of Burgundy’s smallest and most prestigious fine wine zones. Premier Cru sites such as Vaillons, Montmains, Fourchaume and Vaulorent also play a crucial role in defining Chablis’ quality hierarchy.

Côte de Nuits: the heart of Pinot Noir

The Côte de Nuits forms the northern half of the Côte d’Or and is widely regarded as the spiritual home of the world’s greatest Pinot Noir. This narrow strip of east-facing limestone slopes produces some of the most expensive and sought-after red wines on earth.

Key villages include Gevrey-Chambertin, Morey Saint-Denis, Vosne-Romanée, Chambolle-Musigny, and Nuits-Saint-Georges. The region is also home to the most iconic Burgundy estate of all: Domaine de la Romanée-Conti.

Monastic origins and vineyard classification

Viticulture in the Côte de Nuits dates back to Roman times, but it was Benedictine and Cistercian monks who laid the foundations of Burgundy’s modern vineyard system during the Middle Ages. Through centuries of observation, they identified which vineyard parcels consistently produced superior wines, giving rise to the concept of climats and, eventually, grand cru vineyards.

Côte de Nuits Grand Crus

Some of the world’s most revered grand crus are located here, including:

  • Chambertin

  • Clos Saint-Denis

  • Clos de Vougeot

  • Échézeaux

  • Richebourg

  • Romanée-Conti

  • La Tâche

These wines command extraordinary prices due to their rarity, tiny production levels, and global demand. Even in weaker market cycles, Côte de Nuits grand crus remain among the most liquid assets in fine wine.

The Côte de Nuits forms the northern half of the Côte d’Or and is the spiritual home of the world’s greatest Pinot Noir. This narrow strip of hillside produces some of Burgundy’s most celebrated bottles – home to legendary appellations like Gevrey-Chambertin, Morey Saint-Denis, Vosne-Romanée, and the most iconic estate of all, Domaine de la Romanée-Conti.

Côte de Beaune: elegance, balance and great white wines

The Côte de Beaune forms the southern half of the Côte d’Or and is centred around the historic town of Beaune, the commercial heart of Burgundy. This region is unique in producing both exceptional red and white wines, with a stronger emphasis on Chardonnay than its northern neighbour.

A region of diversity

Before the introduction of the AOC system in 1936, wines from this area were broadly referred to as “Beaune wines.” Today, the Côte de Beaune encompasses a complex patchwork of villages, Premier Cru climats, and celebrated grand cru sites.

Iconic appellations include Puligny-Montrachet, Chassagne-Montrachet, Meursault, and Aloxe-Corton. White wines from grand cru vineyards such as Corton-Charlemagne and Montrachet are widely considered among the finest Chardonnay expressions in the world.

The Côte de Beaune contains more than 40 Premier Cru climats, producing wines prized for their balance, structure, and ageing potential.

Côte Chalonnaise: value and tradition

Situated south of the Côte de Beaune, the Côte Chalonnaise is often overlooked yet it plays a vital role in Burgundy’s ecosystem. The region produces high-quality wines from Pinot Noir, Chardonnay, and Aligoté, often at more accessible price points than the Côte d’Or.

Notable appellations of the Côte Chalonnaise

Key villages include:

  • Mercurey

  • Givry

  • Rully

  • Montagny

These appellations offer excellent value while maintaining Burgundian character. Historically, the Côte Chalonnaise also played a key role in the development of Crémant de Bourgogne, with early sparkling wine production centred around Rully and Mercurey.

Mâcconais: warmth, fruit and approachability

The Mâconnais is Burgundy’s southernmost wine region, defined by rolling hills, warmer temperatures, and dramatic limestone formations. Monastic orders, particularly the Abbey of Cluny, were instrumental in establishing viticulture here as early as the 10th century.

Wine styles and grape varieties

Around 80% of vineyards are planted to Chardonnay, producing wines that are generally riper and more fruit-forward than those of northern Burgundy. The region also grows Gamay and smaller amounts of Pinot Noir.

Notable regional appellations include:

  • Pouilly-Fuissé

  • Pouilly-Vinzelles

  • Saint-Véran

  • Viré-Clessé

These wines consistently offer strong quality and value, making the Mâconnais an increasingly important region for collectors seeking Burgundy character without Côte d’Or pricing.

Final thoughts on Burgundy wine regions

Burgundy’s complexity is not a barrier – it is its greatest strength. From the steely minerality of Chablis to the haunting depth of Vosne-Romanée and the crystalline precision of Puligny-Montrachet, each region offers its own interpretation of Pinot Noir and Chardonnay.

Together, these Burgundy wine regions form one of the most intellectually rewarding and historically rich wine landscapes in the world. Defined by centuries of observation, monastic influence, and an unparalleled focus on terroir, Burgundy continues to set the global benchmark for fine wine – captivating collectors, investors, and wine lovers alike.

Looking for more? Read our Burgundy Regional Report, which delves into the fundamentals of this fascinating region and the development of its investment market. 

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Burgundy En Primeur 2023 and the current market

  • The 2023 Burgundy vintage is bountiful but heterogeneous in quality.
  • Careful selection of reputable domains and top producers is necessary when making purchasing decisions.
  • In the secondary market, Burgundy prices have fallen 15.2% in the last year.

The Burgundy En Primeur 2023 campaign brings a vintage full of potential and expectations: potential due to the quality but mostly quantity of the vintage in a region defined by scarcity, and expectations for reduced pricing given producers’ desire to sell.

The campaign arrives at a pivotal moment for the region. Following years defined by scarcity, rising prices, and intense demand, Burgundy now presents a markedly different proposition: a large-volume vintage released into a softening market.

The 2023 Burgundy vintage is widely described as bountiful but heterogeneous. Production volumes exceeded the regional average by approximately 30%, offering a level of availability rarely seen in Burgundy. Yet quality varies significantly by site, grape variety, and producer, making careful selection essential.

This article explores the 2023 Burgundy En Primeur vintage, comparing reds and whites, assessing critical perspectives, and placing the campaign within its broader market context. For collectors and investors alike, the campaign presents both opportunity and complexity.

A bountiful but heterogeneous Burgundy vintage

The defining feature of the 2023 Burgundy vintage is quantity. After consecutive years of frost, hail, and drought-induced scarcity, growers welcomed yields well above average. However, volume alone does not define quality in Burgundy.

Weather conditions throughout the growing season were challenging. Episodes of heat, drought, and localized flooding tested vineyard management skills, and outcomes varied sharply depending on producer decisions.

As Sarah Marsh MW summarised:

“The 2023 Burgundy was a bounteous but heterogeneous vintage in which the white wines outshone the reds.”

This assessment has been echoed across early tastings and reports from critics including Jasper Morris MW and Neal Martin (Vinous).

Climatic conditions and alcohol levels in 2023

A key moment in the 2023 growing season was a late-season heat spike, which accelerated ripening across much of the Côte d’Or.

  • Chardonnay benefited from earlier harvests, preserving acidity and freshness before the most intense heat.

  • Pinot Noir, while generally successful, required precise yield control to avoid dilution and over-ripeness.

Alcohol levels across the vintage typically fall between 13% and 13.5%, reflecting healthy ripeness without excessive warmth. Where growers managed canopy and yields carefully, wines show clarity and balance rather than heaviness.

Reds vs whites: where the vintage excels

White wines: the clear winners of 2023

Across tastings, white wines consistently outperform reds in the 2023 vintage. Chardonnay handled the climatic challenges with greater resilience, producing wines marked by:

  • Fresh acidity

  • Mineral tension

  • Precise fruit expression

Cooler, high-quality sites performed particularly well. Standout appellations include:

  • Puligny-Montrachet Caillerets

  • Meursault Perrières

  • Chassagne-Montrachet higher-altitude parcels

Producers such as Jean Chartron, Violot-Guillemard, and Comte de Vogüé have received strong early praise for whites that combine structure with approachability.

Red wines: quality depends on discipline

The Pinot Noir wines of 2023 are more variable. Where yields were controlled and harvest timing was precise, reds show transparency and charm. However, less disciplined viticulture resulted in wines that lack concentration.

Critics note that the best reds favour elegance over power, making careful producer selection essential.

Notable successes include:

  • Bonnes Mares, noted for opulence and structure

  • Strong examples from Domaine Dujac and Domaine de la Vougeraie

Comparing 2022 vs 2023 Burgundy

Comparisons between the 2022 and 2023 Burgundy vintages are inevitable.

  • 2022: Riper, more consistent, immediately impressive, smaller volumes

  • 2023: Larger quantities, greater variability, more precision-driven wines

Several growers and critics have likened the 2022/23 pairing to classic contrasts such as 2015/16 or 2009/10 – where one vintage delivers power and the next refinement.

For buyers, this means 2023 should be approached selectively, rather than broadly.

Burgundy 2023 in market context

The Burgundy En Primeur 2023 campaign unfolds against a markedly different market backdrop than previous releases.

  • Burgundy prices have fallen 15.2% over the past year, the steepest decline among major fine wine regions.

  • Seven Burgundy brands dropped out of the Top 100 Most Powerful Wine Brands in 2024.

  • At the same time, Burgundy retains a 25–30% share of the global fine wine market, underlining its enduring importance.

In short, Burgundy remains a powerhouse – but no longer an automatic buy at any price.

Burgundy 150 index

Pricing strategies and producer behaviour

Recognising market conditions, many producers are adjusting their approach to pricing in 2023.

Key dynamics include:

  • Stable or reduced release prices from several domaines

  • A desire to maintain cash flow amid rising production costs

  • Awareness that buyers are comparing new releases with older vintages now available at lower prices

The large 2023 yields contrast sharply with expectations for significantly smaller 2024 harvests, reinforcing the value proposition of the current campaign.

Competition from the secondary market

A critical factor shaping the Burgundy En Primeur 2023 campaign is competition from the secondary market.

As prices have softened, older, well-stored Burgundy wines from strong vintages have re-emerged at attractive levels. For buyers, this creates a choice:

  • Purchase 2023 En Primeur at adjusted pricing

  • Acquire proven older vintages with established track records

This dynamic increases pressure on producers to price realistically and rewards buyers willing to compare value across vintages.

How buyers should approach Burgundy En Primeur 2023

The 2023 campaign is not one for indiscriminate buying. Instead, success depends on selectivity and discipline.

Key considerations include:

  • Producer reputation and vineyard management

  • Performance of specific sites rather than appellations alone

  • Quality of whites versus reds

  • Pricing relative to older vintages

  • Long-term positioning rather than short-term hype

For collectors, the vintage offers opportunities to secure high-quality white Burgundy and select red wines at more accessible price points than seen in recent years.

Burgundy’s long-term position in fine wine

Despite short-term market adjustments, Burgundy’s long-term fundamentals remain intact:

  • Unmatched vineyard specificity

  • Strong global demand for top domaines

  • Cultural and historical prestige

  • Continued scarcity at the very top end

The Burgundy En Primeur 2023 campaign reflects a region in transition, adapting to climatic realities and market forces while retaining its core appeal.

Final thoughts on Burgundy En Primeur 2023

The 2023 Burgundy vintage offers a rare combination of volume, selective quality, and evolving pricing strategies. While the wines are not uniformly great, the best examples – particularly among the whites – deliver precision, energy, and strong value relative to recent campaigns.

For informed buyers, the current market environment creates a strategic window to engage with Burgundy thoughtfully, balancing new releases against opportunities in the secondary market.

As Burgundy continues to navigate climatic and economic challenges, its enduring prestige remains undiminished but success now depends more than ever on careful selection.

WineCap’s independent market analysis showcases the value of portfolio diversification and the stability offered by investing in wine. Speak to one of our wine investment experts and start building your portfolio. Schedule your free consultation today

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Fine wine vs crypto? History, volatility and market returns

Bitcoin cyrpto currency versus fine wine as an asset
  • Fine wine offers steady, long-term growth with controlled price fluctuations, while Bitcoin’s extreme volatility presents both high-risk and high-reward opportunities.
  • Fine wine’s centuries-old market is supported by scarcity, provenance, and established ecosystems, contrasting Bitcoin’s shorter, speculation-driven history.
  • Fine wine appeals to risk-averse investors seeking diversification, while Bitcoin caters to those pursuing rapid investments.

Bitcoin has recently captured investment interest as it surged past the $100,000 (£80,000) benchmark for the first time in December last year, up from $45,000 (£36,000) at the beginning of 2024. With its meteoric rise fuelled by regulatory approvals for cryptocurrency exchange-traded funds and mostly the results of the US presidential election, Bitcoin demonstrated its ability to deliver unparalleled gains. Yet, crypto remains a high-risk asset defined by dramatic volatility. From its genesis in 2009, Bitcoin has seen multiple boom-and-bust cycles, with price swings of over 50% in both directions within a single year not uncommon. 

By contrast, fine wine represents a markedly different asset class, appealing to those who prioritise stability and long-term appreciation. The fine wine market has a storied history spanning centuries, with values driven by scarcity, provenance, and global demand rather than speculative hype. While prices in the fine wine market can fluctuate, they tend to avoid the extreme volatility seen in cryptocurrencies. Instead, they enjoy steady growth that outpaces inflation and provides a reliable hedge against economic uncertainty.

Volatility

Bitcoin’s price chart tells a story of rapid ascents and precipitous falls. For example, its 2017 bull run saw prices climb from £800 ($1,000) to nearly £16,000 ($20,000) only to crash to £2,400 ($3,000) the following year. Similar patterns occurred in 2021 and again in 2024, leaving investors questioning when the next downturn might strike.

Fine wine, on the other hand, avoids such dramatic shifts. Prices typically rise or fall within a controlled range, supported by consistent demand from collectors and investors worldwide.

Historical context

Cryptocurrencies are a product of the digital age, with Bitcoin gaining widespread attention only over the past decade. Its rise has been driven by speculative interest, technological innovation, and the allure of decentralisation. However, its short history leaves it vulnerable to regulatory uncertainties, technological disruptions, and shifting investor sentiment.

Fine wine, conversely, boasts a legacy that stretches back centuries. Iconic regions like Bordeaux, Burgundy, and Tuscany have long been synonymous with quality and value. Investments in fine wine are supported by an established ecosystem of producers, merchants, and auction houses. This historical grounding provides a level of security that new asset classes like cryptocurrency struggle to match.

Market performance

One of the defining features of fine wine as an investment is the importance of regional performance. For instance, Burgundy has risen 550% on average over the last twenty years, with some wines achieving returns of over 1,500%. 

The world of fine wine has its own higher risk and higher return investments but it also offers a range of reliable long-term performers. This is why building a fine wine portfolio requires expertise and careful curation. A well-diversified portfolio includes big brands but also undervalued wines and vintages from a variety of regions which can see their value rise based on demand, critic scores, age or other intrinsic factors. 

Liquidity: fast vs steady

Liquidity is another key difference between fine wine and crypto. Bitcoin can be bought and sold 24/7 on global exchanges, making it one of the most liquid investments available. However, this liquidity can exacerbate price swings, with significant moves often triggered by news events or changes in market sentiment.

Fine wine, while less liquid, offers a more controlled market environment. Secondary sales typically occur through investment companies and trading platforms, with prices reflecting a stable and growing investor base. This slower pace can be an advantage for investors seeking to avoid speculative bubbles.

Diversification and portfolio strategy

In today’s investment landscape, fine wine and cryptocurrency appeal to very different investor profiles. Bitcoin caters to those seeking high-risk, high-reward opportunities, while fine wine offers steady, long-term growth and diversification. Incorporating both into a portfolio can provide balance, but the emphasis should align with an investor’s risk tolerance and financial goals.

Fine wine also underscores the importance of expertise. A portfolio focused on iconic regions and proven vintages can deliver strong returns, with minimal exposure to the broader market’s ups and downs. As seen in the market of 2024, the best-performing wines relied on deep knowledge of regional trends and intrinsic dynamics.

WineCap’s independent market analysis showcases the value of portfolio diversification and the stability offered by investing in wine. Speak to one of our wine investment experts and start building your portfolio. Schedule your free consultation today.

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The evolution of Bordeaux’s vineyard prices: what’s behind the price tag?

Pauillac Bordeaux vineyards
  • Vineyard prices in Pauillac have risen over 700% in the last 30 years.  
  • Sauternes has faced a 90% decline during the same period. 
  • Pomerol has significantly outpaced Saint-Émilion, partly due to its compact size and luxury appeal.

The American Association of Wine Economists has released data on the evolution of Bordeaux vineyard prices from 1991 to 2023. Over this period, Bordeaux has become the centrepiece of a thriving, regulated wine investment market.

Global demand for Bordeaux wines has fueled remarkable growth, with top estates achieving iconic status as luxury brands. A 2011 valuation revealed that over 50 of Bordeaux’s leading châteaux belong to the €50 million club, with a combined market value exceeding €15 billion.

In the past two decades, Bordeaux fine wine prices have risen by an average of 200%, accompanied by significant increases in vineyard prices in its most sought-after appellations.

This article delves into the shifting dynamics of Bordeaux’s wine industry, examining their impact on vineyard prices and the contrasting trajectories of key sub-regions like Pauillac, Sauternes, Pomerol, and Saint-Émilion.

American Association of Wine Economists Bordeaux vineyard prices

Pauillac’s extraordinary growth

Pauillac’s vineyard prices have experienced extraordinary growth over the past three decades, surging by 700.6% from €374,700 per hectare in 1991 to €3 million in 2023. The region is home to the First Growths Lafite Rothschild, Latour, and Mouton Rothschild.

When compared to other regions, Pauillac’s relatively small size – spanning approximately 1,200 hectares under vine – is a key factor contributing to its high vineyard prices. This limited vineyard area, combined with the prestige of its châteaux, creates a scarcity effect that drives up demand and valuation. Despite its compact footprint, Pauillac has managed to consistently dominate the fine wine market.

The rise of Pauillac aligns with the global increase in demand for fine Bordeaux wines, particularly during the 2000s and early 2010s, when new markets like China became major consumers. However, this growth has slowed in recent years. This could stem from market saturation, with collectors shifting their attention to other Bordeaux appellations or entirely different regions such as Burgundy and Champagne. 

The decline of Sauternes

In stark contrast to Pauillac, Sauternes has suffered a decline, losing nearly 90% of its vineyard value since 1991. Once valued at €293,000 per hectare – higher than Saint-Émilion at the time – Sauternes vineyards are now priced at around €30,000 per hectare, according to AAWE. This fall can largely be attributed to waning consumer interest in sweet wines.

The production costs associated with Sauternes, which involve the labour-intensive process of harvesting botrytised (noble rot) grapes further compound the issue. While top producers like Château d’Yquem continue to uphold the region’s reputation, the broader market for Sauternes is facing challenges due to changing consumer preferences.

Pomerol and Saint-Émilion: a tale of two trajectories

Pomerol and Saint-Émilion present an interesting comparison, with Pomerol emerging as a high-growth luxury niche and Saint-Émilion maintaining steady performance. From 1991 to 2023, Pomerol vineyard prices rose by 213.4%, reaching €2 million per hectare, while Saint-Émilion saw only a modest 14.7% increase to €300,000 per hectare. These differences can be explained by several key factors.

  1. Size and scale

Saint-Émilion spans a vast 5,400 hectares, compared to Pomerol’s much smaller 800 hectares. This sheer scale means Saint-Émilion includes a wide range of producers, from elite châteaux like Cheval Blanc and Ausone to lesser-known estates producing more affordable wines. In contrast, Pomerol’s compact size results in a higher concentration of prestigious vineyards, with fewer smaller players to dilute its overall market perception.

  1. Classification systems

Saint-Émilion’s classification system – updated every decade – categorises its estates into tiers such as Premier Grand Cru Classé A and B, and Grand Cru Classé. However, the frequent use of the “Grand Cru” designation (applied to over 60% of the region’s wines) might work against it, and partly diminish the exclusivity of this title.

Conversely, Pomerol lacks any formal classification system, allowing individual estates like Pétrus and Le Pin to dominate through their reputations alone. This lack of stratification has paradoxically bolstered the region’s image as a luxury appellation. Its reputation as a source of small-production, Merlot-dominant wines has further cemented its status as a ‘cult’ appellation among collectors and investors. 

  1. Smaller players and price dilution

Saint-Émilion’s large number of smaller, lesser-known producers contributes to its lower average vineyard price. These producers often operate outside the Grand Cru Classé system, pulling down the overall valuation of the region. In Pomerol, the scarcity of vineyards and the dominance of high-profile estates create a ‘halo effect’ that supports consistently high valuations, even for lesser-known properties.

Implications for the wine investment market

The contrasting trajectories of Bordeaux’s appellations highlight the complexity of the fine wine investment market. Pauillac’s recent plateau demonstrates that even the most prestigious regions are not immune to market saturation, while Pomerol’s steady growth underscores the enduring appeal of scarcity and exclusivity. In contrast, Sauternes illustrates the vulnerability of regions reliant on shifting consumer preferences. However, renewed efforts by producers to embrace sustainability, innovation, and rebranding may help revive interest in sweet wines and mitigate some of these challenges.

Despite fluctuations, Bordeaux’s iconic estates and global reputation remain a cornerstone of the fine wine market. For investors and collectors, navigating the nuanced landscape of vineyard prices and evolving market dynamics will be crucial to securing long-term success in this ever-changing industry.

WineCap’s independent market analysis showcases the value of portfolio diversification and the stability offered by investing in wine. Speak to one of our wine investment experts and start building your portfolio. Schedule your free consultation today